/*
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
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/*
 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
 * file:
 *
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */

package java.util.concurrent.atomic;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedActionException;
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.function.IntBinaryOperator;
import java.util.function.IntUnaryOperator;
import sun.reflect.CallerSensitive;
import sun.reflect.Reflection;

/**
 * A reflection-based utility that enables atomic updates to
 * designated {@code volatile int} fields of designated classes.
 * This class is designed for use in atomic data structures in which
 * several fields of the same node are independently subject to atomic
 * updates.
 *
 * <p>Note that the guarantees of the {@code compareAndSet}
 * method in this class are weaker than in other atomic classes.
 * Because this class cannot ensure that all uses of the field
 * are appropriate for purposes of atomic access, it can
 * guarantee atomicity only with respect to other invocations of
 * {@code compareAndSet} and {@code set} on the same updater.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 * @param <T> The type of the object holding the updatable field
 */
public abstract class AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<T> {
    /**
     * Creates and returns an updater for objects with the given field.
     * The Class argument is needed to check that reflective types and
     * generic types match.
     *
     * @param tclass the class of the objects holding the field
     * @param fieldName the name of the field to be updated
     * @param <U> the type of instances of tclass
     * @return the updater
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the field is not a
     * volatile integer type
     * @throws RuntimeException with a nested reflection-based
     * exception if the class does not hold field or is the wrong type,
     * or the field is inaccessible to the caller according to Java language
     * access control
     */
    @CallerSensitive
    public static <U> AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<U> newUpdater(Class<U> tclass,
                                                              String fieldName) {
        return new AtomicIntegerFieldUpdaterImpl<U>
            (tclass, fieldName, Reflection.getCallerClass());
    }

    /**
     * Protected do-nothing constructor for use by subclasses.
     */
    protected AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater() {
    }

    /**
     * Atomically sets the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * to the given updated value if the current value {@code ==} the
     * expected value. This method is guaranteed to be atomic with respect to
     * other calls to {@code compareAndSet} and {@code set}, but not
     * necessarily with respect to other changes in the field.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to conditionally set
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return {@code true} if successful
     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code obj} is not an instance
     * of the class possessing the field established in the constructor
     */
    public abstract boolean compareAndSet(T obj, int expect, int update);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * to the given updated value if the current value {@code ==} the
     * expected value. This method is guaranteed to be atomic with respect to
     * other calls to {@code compareAndSet} and {@code set}, but not
     * necessarily with respect to other changes in the field.
     *
     * <p><a href="package-summary.html#weakCompareAndSet">May fail
     * spuriously and does not provide ordering guarantees</a>, so is
     * only rarely an appropriate alternative to {@code compareAndSet}.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to conditionally set
     * @param expect the expected value
     * @param update the new value
     * @return {@code true} if successful
     * @throws ClassCastException if {@code obj} is not an instance
     * of the class possessing the field established in the constructor
     */
    public abstract boolean weakCompareAndSet(T obj, int expect, int update);

    /**
     * Sets the field of the given object managed by this updater to the
     * given updated value. This operation is guaranteed to act as a volatile
     * store with respect to subsequent invocations of {@code compareAndSet}.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to set
     * @param newValue the new value
     */
    public abstract void set(T obj, int newValue);

    /**
     * Eventually sets the field of the given object managed by this
     * updater to the given updated value.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to set
     * @param newValue the new value
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public abstract void lazySet(T obj, int newValue);

    /**
     * Gets the current value held in the field of the given object managed
     * by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get
     * @return the current value
     */
    public abstract int get(T obj);

    /**
     * Atomically sets the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * to the given value and returns the old value.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param newValue the new value
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public int getAndSet(T obj, int newValue) {
        int prev;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, newValue));
        return prev;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically increments by one the current value of the field of the
     * given object managed by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public int getAndIncrement(T obj) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = prev + 1;
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return prev;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically decrements by one the current value of the field of the
     * given object managed by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public int getAndDecrement(T obj) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = prev - 1;
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return prev;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically adds the given value to the current value of the field of
     * the given object managed by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param delta the value to add
     * @return the previous value
     */
    public int getAndAdd(T obj, int delta) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = prev + delta;
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return prev;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically increments by one the current value of the field of the
     * given object managed by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @return the updated value
     */
    public int incrementAndGet(T obj) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = prev + 1;
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return next;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically decrements by one the current value of the field of the
     * given object managed by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @return the updated value
     */
    public int decrementAndGet(T obj) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = prev - 1;
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return next;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically adds the given value to the current value of the field of
     * the given object managed by this updater.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param delta the value to add
     * @return the updated value
     */
    public int addAndGet(T obj, int delta) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = prev + delta;
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return next;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * with the results of applying the given function, returning the previous
     * value. The function should be side-effect-free, since it may be
     * re-applied when attempted updates fail due to contention among threads.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param updateFunction a side-effect-free function
     * @return the previous value
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public final int getAndUpdate(T obj, IntUnaryOperator updateFunction) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = updateFunction.applyAsInt(prev);
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return prev;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates the field of the given object managed by this updater
     * with the results of applying the given function, returning the updated
     * value. The function should be side-effect-free, since it may be
     * re-applied when attempted updates fail due to contention among threads.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param updateFunction a side-effect-free function
     * @return the updated value
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public final int updateAndGet(T obj, IntUnaryOperator updateFunction) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = updateFunction.applyAsInt(prev);
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return next;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates the field of the given object managed by this
     * updater with the results of applying the given function to the
     * current and given values, returning the previous value. The
     * function should be side-effect-free, since it may be re-applied
     * when attempted updates fail due to contention among threads.  The
     * function is applied with the current value as its first argument,
     * and the given update as the second argument.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param x the update value
     * @param accumulatorFunction a side-effect-free function of two arguments
     * @return the previous value
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public final int getAndAccumulate(T obj, int x,
                                      IntBinaryOperator accumulatorFunction) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = accumulatorFunction.applyAsInt(prev, x);
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return prev;
    }

    /**
     * Atomically updates the field of the given object managed by this
     * updater with the results of applying the given function to the
     * current and given values, returning the updated value. The
     * function should be side-effect-free, since it may be re-applied
     * when attempted updates fail due to contention among threads.  The
     * function is applied with the current value as its first argument,
     * and the given update as the second argument.
     *
     * @param obj An object whose field to get and set
     * @param x the update value
     * @param accumulatorFunction a side-effect-free function of two arguments
     * @return the updated value
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public final int accumulateAndGet(T obj, int x,
                                      IntBinaryOperator accumulatorFunction) {
        int prev, next;
        do {
            prev = get(obj);
            next = accumulatorFunction.applyAsInt(prev, x);
        } while (!compareAndSet(obj, prev, next));
        return next;
    }

    /**
     * Standard hotspot implementation using intrinsics.
     */
    private static final class AtomicIntegerFieldUpdaterImpl<T>
        extends AtomicIntegerFieldUpdater<T> {
        private static final sun.misc.Unsafe U = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
        private final long offset;
        /**
         * if field is protected, the subclass constructing updater, else
         * the same as tclass
         */
        private final Class<?> cclass;
        /** class holding the field */
        private final Class<T> tclass;

        AtomicIntegerFieldUpdaterImpl(final Class<T> tclass,
                                      final String fieldName,
                                      final Class<?> caller) {
            final Field field;
            final int modifiers;
            try {
                field = AccessController.doPrivileged(
                    new PrivilegedExceptionAction<Field>() {
                        public Field run() throws NoSuchFieldException {
                            return tclass.getDeclaredField(fieldName);
                        }
                    });
                modifiers = field.getModifiers();
                sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil.ensureMemberAccess(
                    caller, tclass, null, modifiers);
                ClassLoader cl = tclass.getClassLoader();
                ClassLoader ccl = caller.getClassLoader();
                if ((ccl != null) && (ccl != cl) &&
                    ((cl == null) || !isAncestor(cl, ccl))) {
                    sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(tclass);
                }
            } catch (PrivilegedActionException pae) {
                throw new RuntimeException(pae.getException());
            } catch (Exception ex) {
                throw new RuntimeException(ex);
            }

            if (field.getType() != int.class)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must be integer type");

            if (!Modifier.isVolatile(modifiers))
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must be volatile type");

            // Access to protected field members is restricted to receivers only
            // of the accessing class, or one of its subclasses, and the
            // accessing class must in turn be a subclass (or package sibling)
            // of the protected member's defining class.
            // If the updater refers to a protected field of a declaring class
            // outside the current package, the receiver argument will be
            // narrowed to the type of the accessing class.
            this.cclass = (Modifier.isProtected(modifiers) &&
                           tclass.isAssignableFrom(caller) &&
                           !isSamePackage(tclass, caller))
                          ? caller : tclass;
            this.tclass = tclass;
            this.offset = U.objectFieldOffset(field);
        }

        /**
         * Returns true if the second classloader can be found in the first
         * classloader's delegation chain.
         * Equivalent to the inaccessible: first.isAncestor(second).
         */
        private static boolean isAncestor(ClassLoader first, ClassLoader second) {
            ClassLoader acl = first;
            do {
                acl = acl.getParent();
                if (second == acl) {
                    return true;
                }
            } while (acl != null);
            return false;
        }

        /**
         * Returns true if the two classes have the same class loader and
         * package qualifier
         */
        private static boolean isSamePackage(Class<?> class1, Class<?> class2) {
            return class1.getClassLoader() == class2.getClassLoader()
                   && Objects.equals(getPackageName(class1), getPackageName(class2));
        }

        private static String getPackageName(Class<?> cls) {
            String cn = cls.getName();
            int dot = cn.lastIndexOf('.');
            return (dot != -1) ? cn.substring(0, dot) : "";
        }

        /**
         * Checks that target argument is instance of cclass.  On
         * failure, throws cause.
         */
        private final void accessCheck(T obj) {
            if (!cclass.isInstance(obj))
                throwAccessCheckException(obj);
        }

        /**
         * Throws access exception if accessCheck failed due to
         * protected access, else ClassCastException.
         */
        private final void throwAccessCheckException(T obj) {
            if (cclass == tclass)
                throw new ClassCastException();
            else
                throw new RuntimeException(
                    new IllegalAccessException(
                        "Class " +
                        cclass.getName() +
                        " can not access a protected member of class " +
                        tclass.getName() +
                        " using an instance of " +
                        obj.getClass().getName()));
        }

        public final boolean compareAndSet(T obj, int expect, int update) {
            accessCheck(obj);
            return U.compareAndSwapInt(obj, offset, expect, update);
        }

        public final boolean weakCompareAndSet(T obj, int expect, int update) {
            accessCheck(obj);
            return U.compareAndSwapInt(obj, offset, expect, update);
        }

        public final void set(T obj, int newValue) {
            accessCheck(obj);
            U.putIntVolatile(obj, offset, newValue);
        }

        public final void lazySet(T obj, int newValue) {
            accessCheck(obj);
            U.putOrderedInt(obj, offset, newValue);
        }

        public final int get(T obj) {
            accessCheck(obj);
            return U.getIntVolatile(obj, offset);
        }

        public final int getAndSet(T obj, int newValue) {
            accessCheck(obj);
            return U.getAndSetInt(obj, offset, newValue);
        }

        public final int getAndAdd(T obj, int delta) {
            accessCheck(obj);
            return U.getAndAddInt(obj, offset, delta);
        }

        public final int getAndIncrement(T obj) {
            return getAndAdd(obj, 1);
        }

        public final int getAndDecrement(T obj) {
            return getAndAdd(obj, -1);
        }

        public final int incrementAndGet(T obj) {
            return getAndAdd(obj, 1) + 1;
        }

        public final int decrementAndGet(T obj) {
            return getAndAdd(obj, -1) - 1;
        }

        public final int addAndGet(T obj, int delta) {
            return getAndAdd(obj, delta) + delta;
        }

    }
}
